Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal
type: channel
description: Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal (ISSN 2053-9665) is a peer-reviewed, open access, online journal dedicated to the publication of high-quality work by researchers in all disciplines, especially early career researchers and emerging domain experts, along with those combining research with academic teaching or other professional employment. The journal welcomes articles from all academic areas, including interdisciplinary research and co-authored papers, in order to encourage intellectual exchange and debate across research communities. The journal's operations are overseen by a Managing Editor-in-Chief based at the Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, UK, supported by an international Editorial Board comprising early career researchers from around the world. The title is usually published bi-annually. It also provides both editors and authors with a readily accessible and supportive environment in which to develop academic writing and publishing skills of the highest order. Please view our Focus and Scope or Submit an Article using our five step submission portal.
publisher: University of Warwick, UK
language: en
publication name: Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal
issn: 2053-9665
copyright: Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY), which permits use and redistribution of the work provided that the original author and source are credited, a link to the license is included, and an indication of changes which were made. Third-party users may not apply legal terms or technological measures to the published article which legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. If accepted for publication authors’ work will be made open access and distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license unless previously agreed with Exchanges’ Editor-in-Chief prior to submission. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. (see: The Effect of Open Access)
items: Tears in the Reign
items: Where Have All the Reviewers Gone? Long time passing
items: Breaking Bad Barriers to Pursuing Research
items: The Creative Researcher
items: Coproducing an Academic Career Development Programme to Train Future Leaders in Environment
items: Creating an Inclusive Space for Research Conversations
items: Creative Dilemmas
items: ‘One Year On’
items: The National Centre for Research Culture at the University of Warwick
items: Warwick PATHWAY Programme
items: Time to Write
items: Enhancing Inter-Cultural Awareness Among International Postgraduate Researchers and their Research Supervisors at Warwick
items: Mapping Institutional Commitments to External Concordats to Support Meaningful Research Culture Change
items: The Labour of Thought
items: Enabling an Inclusive Research Culture for Higher Education Professional Services Researchers
items: Employability Schemes for Young People in STEM
items: Facilitating Practice-Led Research Culture in Initial Teacher Training
items: From Research to Reach
items: What Does It Mean to Explain?
items: The Precision Mentorship Programme for Inclusive Researcher Development
items: If You Could Just Go Ahead and Make Sure You Do That From Now On That Would Be Great
items: Intersectionality and Detrimental Agency in Nigeria’s Researchscape
items: An Early Career Perspective on the Value of Interdisciplinary Training Networks
items: The Modern Records Centre
items: Nostalgia Ain’t What it Used to Be
items: Opening up Responsible Research and Innovation
items: A Reconsideration of Imaginative Points of Resistance
items: Max Horkheimer on Law's Force of Resistance
items: Once a Nurse, Always a Nurse?
items: Research Culture Readiness

Tears in the Reign
type: item
description: In this editorial the Editor-in-Chief brings nearly eight years of work to an end as they look back over their career running Exchanges. The editorial also provides an overview of the articles in the issue, as a guide for readers. As usual, the editorial also outlines the various ways in which individuals can contribute to the journal or engage in its wider social media presence. It concludes by offering insights into future issues as well as outlining the current Editorial Board.
subject: Introduction
  topic: section
subject: editorial
  topic: keywords
subject: farewell
  topic: keywords
subject: history
  topic: keywords
subject: reflections
  topic: keywords
subject: conclusions
  topic: keywords
subject: end of days
  topic: keywords
creator: Gareth Johnson
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Gareth J Johnson http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: i
ending page: xvii
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.2029

Where Have All the Reviewers Gone? Long time passing
type: item
description: In this introductory editorial, the Chief Editor introduces the volume and the papers within it. They also offer some insights and reflections into the current state of locating peer-reviewers within academic publishing, and some of the unique challenges faced by themselves and fellow editors. The editorial also provides insights into the future issues of the journal, and the ways in which readers can become contributors. Following a series of acknowledgements, the editorial closes with a guide to the various ways in which readers can engage with the journal outside of the published volumes on social media.
subject: Introduction
  topic: section
subject: editorial
  topic: keywords
subject: peer-review
  topic: keywords
subject: crisis in review
  topic: keywords
subject: call for papers
  topic: keywords
subject: quality assurance
  topic: keywords
subject: editorial practices
  topic: keywords
creator: Gareth Johnson
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Gareth J Johnson http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-12
publication date: 2025-06-12
starting page: i
ending page: xvii
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i2.1932

Breaking Bad Barriers to Pursuing Research
type: item
description: This research looked to cast light on intersectional issues by considering barriers faced and connecting the difficulties encountered in pursuing a research career with participation in various identities. Job instability, international (im)mobility, an undiversified workforce, biases faced in research collaborations and in hiring processes are just some of a wide variety of barriers affecting researchers in their day-to-day work life and in establishing and progressing their careers. Some of these barriers, due to their nature, adversely affect particular identities more than others. This can lead to negative outcomes for individuals who are prevented from successfully pursuing their career of choice, reinforcing identity stereotypes and perpetuating a lack of inclusion. Our research sought to identify real, potential and perceived barriers that exist to leading or taking part in research, recognising their existence and impact in our own multidisciplinary engineering and science academic department’s context. Barriers were explored through a survey in the first instance with subsequent focus groups. We considered 4 macro-areas of barriers: Belonging and Community; Time and Timing; Access to Resources; Communication and Information. This research tested the completeness of our understanding and elucidated the impact of the barriers on researchers’ careers. Further, we explored individual and community identity, also considering those groups of people displaying identity traits traditionally underrepresented in academia in STEM, and particularly Engineering, deriving greater nuance from lived experience and the importance of fairness, kindness and belonging in the workplace. Funder Acknowledgement The authors would like to acknowledge the Enhancing Research Culture fund from University of Warwick's National Centre for Research Culture, and also WMG’s Summer Internship scheme.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: equity
  topic: keywords
subject: barriers
  topic: keywords
subject: action
  topic: keywords
subject: identity
  topic: keywords
subject: careers
  topic: keywords
subject: researchers
  topic: keywords
subject: STEM
  topic: keywords
creator: Giulia Lorenzi
creator: Ali Zaidi
creator: Melanie Loveridge
creator: Connie Qian
creator: Sarah Wilson
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Giulia Lorenzi, Ali Zaidi, Melanie Loveridge, Connie Qian, Sarah Wilson http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 72
ending page: 97
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1855

The Creative Researcher
type: item
description: Research culture is often framed as an external and abstract construct, shaped by institutional environments. This article takes a different perspective, arguing that research culture is actively constituted within research practices. Drawing on findings from The Public Laundry Project, a study funded through the Enhancing Research Culture Fund (ERCF) at the University of Warwick (2023–24), this article examines how researchers experience and navigate the cultural dimensions of their work. Using collage inquiry, a creative research method employed in professional development workshops, the study explores how researchers articulate and reflect on their research problems and the broader conditions that shape them. This article aims to contribute to research culture scholarship in two ways. First, it reframes research culture as enmeshed with research practices and researcher identity. This challenges dominant conceptualisations of research culture as primarily institutional or extra-individual. I argue that sustainable shifts in research culture cannot be achieved solely through institutional regulation or external frameworks. Rather, they require an attentiveness to the ways in which culture is lived, enacted, and negotiated within the everyday practices and identities of researchers themselves. Second, the article advances methodological innovation by demonstrating how collage inquiry functions both as an outward-facing research method for examining research culture and as an inward-facing tool for fostering critical reflection. By documenting the workshop process, this article highlights the potential of arts-based methods to surface the lived experiences of researchers, support interdisciplinary dialogue, and cultivate research environments that embrace uncertainty as a generative force in knowledge production. In doing so, it offers new perspectives on how research culture might be actively shaped through creative, reflexive, and deliberative approaches. Funding …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: collage inquiry
  topic: keywords
subject: researcher development
  topic: keywords
subject: research culture
  topic: keywords
creator: Harriet Richmond
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Harriet Richmond http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 1
ending page: 30
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1844

Coproducing an Academic Career Development Programme to Train Future Leaders in Environment
type: item
description: With the emergence of new capabilities such as artificial intelligence, alongside remote working and the cost-of-living crisis, the needs of early career researcher (ECR) training are fast evolving. PhD students and ECRs increasingly face mental health challenges, driven by isolation and career uncertainty. This paper offers a critical reflection on the creation of a joint academic career development programme (JACDP) between multiple partners, which offers additional, tailored opportunities to support young researchers in universities and governmental public health institutions. Our experience suggests that the success of a multi-institutional programme requires a deliberate collaborative and co-productive approach at all levels.​ In addition to sharing the different expertise in each institution to build a varied training programme, involving young researchers in planning and delivering the training and social activities, tends to increase relevance and peer participation, and to help them develop leadership and time management skills. It is important to continually review the activities, engagement and future events provided, to embed clearer evaluation within the programme, and to reflect on the accessibility of the training provided. Our programme contributes to a positive research culture by providing relevant tailored and diverse academic and research training to develop future public health leaders while aiming to maximize inclusivity and recognising the value that PhD students and ECRs can bring to multi-partner research collaborations. Funding Acknowledgement This work is part funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Environment and Health and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Units in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, and in Environmental Exposures and Health, which are partnerships between the UK Health Security Agency and Imperial College London.
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: training
  topic: keywords
subject: partnership
  topic: keywords
subject: multidisciplinary
  topic: keywords
subject: involvement
  topic: keywords
subject: impact
  topic: keywords
creator: Kerry Broom
creator: Dimitris Evangelopoulos
creator: Stephanie Wright
creator: Anastasia Ioakeimidou
creator: Ruthie Parsons
creator: Helena Rapp-Wright
creator: Rose Tweedie
creator: Angela Lewis
creator: Kirsti Hornigold
creator: Matthew Wright
creator: Liz Ainsbury
creator: Frédéric Piel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kerry A. Broom, Dimitris Evangelopoulos, Stephanie Wright, Anastasia Ioakeimidou, Ruthie Parsons, Helena Rapp-Wright, Rose Tweedie, Angela Lewis, Kirsti Hornigold, Matthew D. Wright, Liz Ainsbury, Frédéric B. Piel http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 133
ending page: 148
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1833

Creating an Inclusive Space for Research Conversations
type: item
description: Within and across university departments, research seems to be much less discussed among colleagues – beyond small, existing coteries – during the conceptualisation and planning stages than showcased when already complete. Hierarchies, silos and lack of opportunities to engage may exclude individuals from potentially valuable research conversations, depending on status, contract type or access to existing research groups. Indeed, conversations about research across different, specialised interests seem to have decreased since the pandemic, hindering the development of new interdisciplinary relationships. The project referred to in this critical reflection sought to foster inclusive conversations about envisioned or ongoing research through activities engaging contract researchers, professional services staff, research students and academic staff across levels. Using peer-coaching guidelines and question prompts, the project team, comprising members in diverse roles and career stages, co-created empathic, non-judgmental and non-hierarchical conversation formats and trialled these with 24 participants across different roles and career stages at a departmental event. In this paper, we critically reflect on this attempt to create an innovative inclusive space for research conversations, explaining how the project team dealt with the challenges of silos and hierarchies and highlighting some of the tensions and difficulties involved in creating such a space. Reflective writing, discussions and survey questionnaires distributed during the project showed that intentional groupings and guided interactions did, to some extent at least, counter structural barriers in the service of an inclusive research culture, fostering mutual respect and support while encouraging research reflection. Funding Acknowledgement The project referenced in this paper and an ongoing Phase Two extension (October 2024–July 2025) with the same title – was funded by the University of Warwick Enhancing …
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: research conversation
  topic: keywords
subject: EDI
  topic: keywords
subject: inclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: interdisciplinarity
  topic: keywords
subject: peer-coaching
  topic: keywords
subject: inclusive research culture
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayten Alibaba
creator: Richard Smith
creator: Yvette Yitong Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ayten Alibaba, Richard Smith, Yvette Yitong Wang http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 186
ending page: 202
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1858

Creative Dilemmas
type: item
description: This article reflects on two research enabling practitioners’ (REPs) experiences related to making creative research outputs open. The REPs operate within a small specialist institution that is a research organisation (RO) focusing on the creative arts where open research is an embedded part of the RO’s research culture. Many of the RO’s academics are practice-based researchers whose research is disseminated through non-traditional output types such as artefacts, exhibitions, designs and videos. However, there are tensions when making creative outputs open that can lead to ethical dilemmas faced by REPs and researchers, including issues related to informed consent, intellectual property and reuse of the research. These tensions are illustrated by examining three examples of creative outputs where issues have arisen where the inter-relationships of open research, ethics and integrity are explored through vignettes. The findings of this article recommend continued training for researchers about the use of licences for creative works. Another recommendation calls for inclusive and transparent processes that support researchers in gaining justice when the intellectual property from their open access research outputs has been reused in a manner which contradicts the principles of research integrity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: creative outputs
  topic: keywords
subject: practice-research
  topic: keywords
subject: small specialist
  topic: keywords
subject: open access
  topic: keywords
subject: research ethics and integrity
  topic: keywords
creator: Samantha Broadhead
creator: Henry Gonnet
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samantha Broadhead, Henry Gonnet http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 31
ending page: 49
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1817

‘One Year On’
type: item
description: Between the first and second International Research Culture Conference (IRCC), there has been increasing advocacy for improved research culture, evidenced through collaborative initiatives, networks and events aimed at addressing various challenges within research environments. This reflection follows the International Research Culture Conference 2024 (IRCC24) and highlights significant developments leading up to it, detailing expanded participation and thematic diversity. Key takeaways from the conference included the influence of the Research Excellence Framework - People Culture and Environment pilot, the importance of continued collaboration and increased need for efficiency in this space. It concludes with reflections on future direction, advocating for continued collaboration, increased evaluation, and learning with and from international perspectives to foster meaningful improvement in research culture.
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: research culture
  topic: keywords
subject: collaboration
  topic: keywords
subject: international
  topic: keywords
subject: networking
  topic: keywords
subject: partnerships
  topic: keywords
subject: knowledge exchange
  topic: keywords
subject: research on research
  topic: keywords
creator: Marie Sams
creator: Rika Nair
creator: Sotaro Kita
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Marie Sams, Rika Nair, Sotaro Kita http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 98
ending page: 112
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1854

The National Centre for Research Culture at the University of Warwick
type: item
description: In recognition of the need for collaboration to effectively address recognised research culture challenges, the University of Warwick established the National Centre for Research Culture in 2023. The Centre aims to bring together organisations and individuals involved in the funding, regulation, production and dissemination of research to share ideas and best practice, coordinate our collective effort, and serve as a long-term, stable hub for knowledge curation, training and innovative research into research culture. This paper describes the background to the establishment of the National Centre for Research Culture, the initial structure of and vision for the Centre, and the activities carried out in its first 18 months of operation.
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: research culture
  topic: keywords
subject: conference
  topic: keywords
subject: seminar
  topic: keywords
subject: training
  topic: keywords
subject: positive action
  topic: keywords
creator: Sotaro Kita
creator: Victoria Strudwick
creator: Marie Sams
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sotaro Kita, Victoria Strudwick, Marie Sams http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 260
ending page: 267
doi: 10.31273/c5b6ae58

Warwick PATHWAY Programme
type: item
description: Underrepresentation of Black researchers and academics is one of the most pressing issues in the UK Higher Education sector. The University of Warwick launched the Warwick PATHWAY Programme in November 2023 to address this issue. The programme supports aspiring Black researchers in all disciplines from undergraduate to postdoctoral level to become independent researchers in universities and other organisations. We aim to create ‘a career pipeline that does not leak’ and a multi-level community of aspiring Black researchers, presenting a visible career pathway and support network. Funding Acknowledgement The authors wish to acknowledge the University of Warwick’s Institute of Advanced Study, Doctoral College and Student Opportunity teams for their collaboration and support in funding and implementing this programme. The programme is also supported by Research England's Enhancing Research Culture Fund and the British Geological Survey (BGS).
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: research
  topic: keywords
subject: careers
  topic: keywords
subject: inclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: diversity
  topic: keywords
creator: Victoria Strudwick
creator: Sotaro Kita
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Victoria Strudwick, Sotaro Kita http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 175
ending page: 185
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1852

Time to Write
type: item
description: In this critical reflection we will explore our Time to Write project, providing a brief overview of our work, followed by discussion of expected and unexpected benefits, and the knowledge and skills leveraged in design and delivery. We also consider the remaining challenges as our funding from the UKRI Enhancing Research Culture allocation ends in July 2025 and we move to a ‘business as usual’ model. Funding Acknowledgement This work was supported by the UKRI Enhancing Research Culture Fund.
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: academic writing
  topic: keywords
subject: equity & inclusion
  topic: keywords
creator: Rosie Wadman
creator: Jess Macpherson
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rosie Wadman, Jess Macpherson http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 218
ending page: 228
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1850

Enhancing Inter-Cultural Awareness Among International Postgraduate Researchers and their Research Supervisors at Warwick
type: item
description: The increasing internationalisation of postgraduate research (PGR) education in the UK has highlighted the unique challenges faced by international students, who now make up around 40% of the postgraduate population. These students face a range of issues, including financial pressures, difficulties with cultural integration, language barriers, workload management, mental well-being, and mismatches in supervision expectations. There is often inadequate support and mentorship tailored to international PGRs, and supervisors may not be fully aware of the hidden barriers these students encounter. Intercultural dynamics is a significant challenge in fostering effective interactions between PGR students and their supervisors. Building intercultural awareness—knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for positive communication in a multicultural environment—is vital for creating strong relationships in this context. This project, therefore, examined the role of intercultural awareness in shaping the relationships between PGR students and their supervisors at the University of Warwick. Using semi-structured interviews with PhD students and supervisors, we explored how intercultural competence affects communication, aligns expectations, and enhances the research experience. This reflection shares the research outcomes, along with insights from the project team on the challenges encountered during the study. Future work will be to expand this research on a larger scale within Warwick and across multiple UK institutions to deepen understanding and inform supportive frameworks for international PGRs. Funding Acknowledgement The project on which to which this paper relates, ‘Enhancing Intercultural awareness among PhD students and their supervisors’, was funded by the Enhancing Research Culture Fund through Research England.
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: Intercultural awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: postgraduate researchers
  topic: keywords
subject: Research Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: International Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Supervisor-Student Relationship
  topic: keywords
creator: Maryam Masood
creator: Gabriella Crawford-Koltai
creator: Shi Ha
creator: Asima Iqbal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maryam Masood, Gabriella Crawford-Koltai, Shi Ha, Asima Iqbal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 229
ending page: 242
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1849

Mapping Institutional Commitments to External Concordats to Support Meaningful Research Culture Change
type: item
description: Over recent decades, most UK academic institutions have signed numerous concordats, charters and declarations to demonstrate their commitment to responsible practices in support of research. While these agreements provide essential accountability and direction, they also introduce administrative demands and, without coherent oversight, could lead to redundant actions that inadvertently divert resources from more meaningful research culture change. Here we discuss a project launched at Loughborough University to map the range of actions, goals and responsibilities arising from the University’s participation across multiple concordats. This project sought to streamline responses to these commitments and explore their alignment with our institution’s unique research culture ambitions. This paper presents our approach and shares key lessons we learned throughout the process to potentially help other institutions looking to simplify and coordinate their research culture commitments. Our hope is that by identifying synergies and efficiencies, the sector will be well positioned to better leverage its resources to continue to pursue even more impactful actions to enhance research cultures. Funding Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the Talent Match Summer Internship from Loughborough University for funding Megan English's time on this work.
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: concordats
  topic: keywords
subject: charters
  topic: keywords
subject: research culture
  topic: keywords
subject: governance
  topic: keywords
subject: administration
  topic: keywords
subject: strategic alignment
  topic: keywords
creator: Megan English
creator: Stuart King
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Megan English, Stuart King http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 163
ending page: 174
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1845

The Labour of Thought
type: item
description: In this reflective article we explore interdisciplinarity in practice. We begin from the position that interdisciplinary work provides great potential and acknowledge that it has become increasingly visible in discussions on the role that research can play to answer complex questions. By definition, interdisciplinarity transcends academic silos and enriches knowledge by integrating frameworks, methods and approaches across diverse disciplines. However, as our reflections identify, interdisciplinary can be a complicated, complex endeavour that requires careful thought. For instance, it is a non-trivial endeavour to find a common language, build coherent teams or gain a shared understanding of research problems - all of which is required for truly interdisciplinary work. It is important, therefore, to understand the labour of thought involved in conducting interdisciplinary work and achieving effective interdisciplinary collaboration. This article brings together the reflections of six early career researchers from a diverse range of disciplines. In this article we explore both the theoretical challenges and opportunities of interdisciplinary research, as well as the practical application of this work. The impetus for this work comes from a British Academy Early Career Researcher Network event in September 2024 where we discussed the relevance of interdisciplinary research to ECRs. Exchanges Discourse Podcast Telling Interdisciplinary Stories: Lived lessons in research, writing, and making yourself heard [60:12] Musicality, Practice, Research & Interdisciplinary Tensions: More insights into interdisciplinarity & labour [40:27]
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: interdisciplinary research
  topic: keywords
subject: research culture
  topic: keywords
subject: research methods
  topic: keywords
subject: collaboration
  topic: keywords
creator: Abiodun Egbetokun
creator: Una MacGlone
creator: Ed McKeon
creator: Denis Newman-Griffis
creator: Claire Sedgwick
creator: Aikaterini Tavoulari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abiodun Egbetokun, Una MacGlone, Ed McKeon, Denis Newman-Griffis, Claire Sedgwick, Aikaterini Tavoulari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-12
publication date: 2025-06-12
starting page: 33
ending page: 50
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i2.1839

Enabling an Inclusive Research Culture for Higher Education Professional Services Researchers
type: item
description: UK higher education institutions employ staff on professional services contracts to fulfil a range of functions, separate to staff employed on academic contracts. There is a sector-wide movement to enhance research culture within higher education institutions, and within this, a growing recognition of the ways that professional services support the sector’s core missions of research and teaching. However, there remains little visibility of professional services staff who are actively researching – we call these individuals professional services researchers. This article reports on an exploratory project at a UK University that sought to enable a more inclusive research culture and environment for professional services researchers. It draws on data from semi-structured interviews with key informants within the University to understand the support and resources available to researchers, and an online questionnaire distributed to professional services staff. We found that the concept of a professional services researcher was not well understood and propose a new conceptual framework to help define professional services researchers and support future research and practice in this space. The lack of conceptual awareness of professional services researchers was creating a research culture where professional services did not feel that their research was valued or recognised, and research support services were difficult to navigate. We make recommendations for how institutions can take practical steps to remove barriers for professional services researchers to make their own research culture more inclusive. Funder Acknowledgement This project was award funding by the University of Bristol Enhancing Research Cultures funding round, on behalf of Research England.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: professional services
  topic: keywords
subject: research culture
  topic: keywords
subject: research support
  topic: keywords
subject: professional services researchers
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
creator: Charlotte Verney
creator: Helen Curtis
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Charlotte Verney, Helen Curtis http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 50
ending page: 71
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1838

Employability Schemes for Young People in STEM
type: item
description: Following the success of Employability Schemes for Young People in STEM: Enabling staff to deliver an enriching experience through research culture development, the next stage was to share good practice with more departments within the University of Warwick. This included sharing information through a faculty wide working group, recruiting staff from two new departments to create a cross-faculty work experience programme and supporting staff from other departments that wanted to host their own programme, but are new to the process. Overall, the aim was to demonstrate and enable engagement with young people, creating role models and encouragement for them to pursue a future in STEM. This article includes a collection of reflections from the staff engaged in the process, highlighting how the initiatives have changed their view on employability schemes, enhanced their working environment and provided training and development that will open further opportunities for them in the future. As the team has grown and we go into the project’s third year of deployment, new staff are foreseeing the possibilities and benefits of the project and have provided statements for their goals and objectives prior to beginning the program. Through discussions with other groups, it is clear that employability schemes can come in many shapes and sizes, so a comparison between the traditions and project style of delivery has been presented. Funding Acknowledgement The project ‘Addressing social mobility issues in STEM’ was funded by the Enhancing Research Culture Fund through Research England.
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: work experience
  topic: keywords
subject: research culture
  topic: keywords
subject: team creation
  topic: keywords
subject: good practice
  topic: keywords
creator: Craig Carnegie
creator: Helena Verrill
creator: Asima Iqbal
creator: Maryam Masood
creator: Anupriya Haridas
creator: Mona Faraji Niri
creator: Bethany Haynes
creator: Sarah Wilson
creator: Phil Jemmett
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Craig Carnegie, Helena Verrill, Asima Iqbal, Maryam Masood, Anupriya Haridas, Mona Faraji Niri, Bethany Haynes, Sarah Wilson, Phil Jemmett http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 243
ending page: 259
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1836

Facilitating Practice-Led Research Culture in Initial Teacher Training
type: item
description: This critical reflection examines how a team of academics began to tackle the challenge of developing research culture among their professions-facing colleagues through two interconnected initiatives. It presents the theoretical underpinning of Facilitated Practice-based Research (FPR ©University of Sunderland) and its practical implementation through Research Culture Roundtable (RCR) events and subsequent formation of Agile Research Teams (ARTs). Drawing on contemporary debates around research excellence and practitioner-researcher identity, it explores how structured collaboration can support academics in integrating their practical and scholarly expertise. The ARTs model enables manageable, time-bound participation in research projects while building sustainable research capacity. Initial outcomes demonstrate the potential of this approach for developing research confidence and creating a more inclusive research community. The authors conclude that supporting practitioner-researchers through facilitated, practice-led initiatives can enhance both individual development and institutional research culture, particularly in teaching-intensive settings. Funding Acknowledgement This research was supported by internal research grants provided by the University of Sunderland UKRI Enhancing Research Culture Fund 2024.
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: Facilitated practice-based research
  topic: keywords
subject: practice-led research
  topic: keywords
subject: practitioner research
  topic: keywords
subject: academic identity
  topic: keywords
subject: collaborative research
  topic: keywords
subject: research capacity building
  topic: keywords
subject: agile research teams
  topic: keywords
subject: sketchnotes
  topic: keywords
creator: Kate Duffy
creator: Elizabeth Hidson
creator: Lesley Deacon
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kate Duffy, Elizabeth Hidson, Lesley Deacon http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 113
ending page: 132
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1831

From Research to Reach
type: item
description: In this article, I reflect on my experience organising an international public engagement festival as a doctoral researcher specialising in interactional research, sharing my observations and insights on accessible research communication strategies. Initially immersed in producing academic outputs and assuming that engaging with potential users was not part of my role as a doctoral researcher, my experience of organising the Pint of Science festival shifted my perspective on the societal relevance of my work. Central to this reflection is the importance of fostering a cross-disciplinary, cross-level team environment that encourages diverse perspectives and collaborative decision-making. Another key takeaway from my involvement in the festival is the power of accessible communication strategies, like multimodal metaphors, in making complex research comprehensible and engaging to a non-specialist audience. This reflection also touches upon my preliminary thoughts on the need for a creative and transdisciplinary approach to research communication, where knowledge and research communication strategies are co-created with non-academic stakeholders. Ultimately, I allude to how research culture can evolve to be more inclusive and participatory, ensuring that research is communicated in a way that leads to a tangible societal impact beyond academia.
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: public engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: research communication
  topic: keywords
subject: accessible communication
  topic: keywords
subject: research impact
  topic: keywords
creator: Yanyan Li
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yanyan Li http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 203
ending page: 217
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1829

What Does It Mean to Explain?
type: item
description: We summarise and reflect on the symposium ‘Let me explain: Reason-giving across disciplines’, held at the University of Warwick's Institute of Advanced Study in June 2024. The event brought together scholars from four faculties to discuss the concept of explanation and its relationship to interdisciplinarity. We pick out four questions that participants found especially stimulating: Is a good explanation really more than a good description? How does agency change the structure of explanations? Who explains to whom? And what does interdisciplinarity mean for the practice of explaining? We end by highlighting the refreshingly disruptive potential of genuinely interdisciplinary forums of knowledge-exchange. Funder Acknowledgement This symposium was supported by funding from the Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick.
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: interdisciplinarity
  topic: keywords
subject: explanation
  topic: keywords
subject: research communication
  topic: keywords
subject: research culture
  topic: keywords
subject: AI
  topic: keywords
creator: Yvette Yitong Wang
creator: Simon Gansinger
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yvette Yitong Wang, Simon Gansinger http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-12
publication date: 2025-06-12
starting page: 22
ending page: 32
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i2.1828

The Precision Mentorship Programme for Inclusive Researcher Development
type: item
description: Effective mentorship is widely acknowledged as essential for fostering professional growth and enhancing research capabilities in UK higher education (HE). However, the process of finding a mentor often remains informal, relying heavily on personal connections, characteristics and pre-existing relationships. This critical review examines the Precision Mentorship Programme (PMP) a novel initiative developed and piloted at Kingston University with researchers in the arts and humanities. Designed to build confidence, enhance research skills, and support the creation of robust research plans and funding proposals, the PMP combined four one-hour personalised mentorship sessions with wrap-around support and resources, to guide 12 participants through the complexities of academic research and funding acquisition. In this article we describe the PMP’s design, delivery and evaluation. We draw on our experiences of developing and implementing the PMP to reflect on its successes, limitations, and broader implications for inclusive researcher development in UK HE. While the PMP successfully achieved several of its objectives, it also encountered challenges in fully addressing the diverse needs of its participants and overcoming systemic barriers to inclusive professional development and career progression. The broader implications for UK HE professional development include 1) Equipping experienced researchers with precision mentorship skills, resources and incentives to mentor, 2) Developing and testing PMP models within research groups, projects and programmes, 3) Recognising mentor’s contributions in institutional and sector quality performance frameworks. In conclusion, the PMP is a useful approach for inclusive researcher development, however for its full potential and benefits to be sustained mentors need to be recognised and rewarded by institutions and research quality assessment frameworks. Funder Acknowledgement Kingston University provided funding for this work and in…
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: precision mentorship
  topic: keywords
subject: researcher development
  topic: keywords
subject: coaching
  topic: keywords
subject: inclusive research culture
  topic: keywords
creator: Elizabeth Morrow
creator: Margaret Jensen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Elizabeth Morrow, Meg Jensen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 149
ending page: 162
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i3.1809

If You Could Just Go Ahead and Make Sure You Do That From Now On That Would Be Great
type: item
description: In this introductory editorial, the Chief Editor looks briefly at changes in the field of academic publishing, alongside speculating on future developments for the journal. Notably the editorial contains an overview of all articles appearing in this issue, along with news about forthcoming issues and author contribution opportunities too. Following a series of acknowledgements, the editorial closes with a guide to the various ways in which readers can engage with the journal outside of the published volumes on social media.
subject: Introduction
  topic: section
subject: office space
  topic: keywords
subject: milestones
  topic: keywords
subject: publication disruption
  topic: keywords
subject: calls for papers
  topic: keywords
subject: forthcoming issues
  topic: keywords
subject: academic publication
  topic: keywords
creator: Gareth Johnson
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Gareth Johnson http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
starting page: i
ending page: xiii
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i1.1780

Intersectionality and Detrimental Agency in Nigeria’s Researchscape
type: item
description: This study presents Nigeria’s researchscape as an archetype of sites where intersections of multiple identities of gender, race, and class are performed. Despite the acclaimed strength of intersectionality to unearth hidden oppressions, its commitment to addressing the oppressions it uncovers requires scholarly scrutiny. The study takes a historical approach regarding intersectionality to probe into what comprises any intersectional focus in academia and how much the researchscape has benefitted from intersectional methodological thinking. Using methods of critical analysis and deconstructive argumentation, ‘Detrimental Agency’ is introduced to highlight how positionality and reflexivity influence multiple layers of oppression in academia, depending on who possesses the ‘intersectional wand’. Funding Acknowledgements This publication arose from a project financed by the Africa Multiple Cluster of Excellence at the University of Bayreuth (funded by the German Research Foundation under Germany‘s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2052/1 – 390713894).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: detrimental agency
  topic: keywords
subject: intersectionality
  topic: keywords
subject: intersectional wand
  topic: keywords
subject: researchscape
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
creator: Sharon Omotoso
creator: Tito Kolawole
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sharon Omotoso, Tito Kolawole http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-12
publication date: 2025-06-12
starting page: 1
ending page: 21
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i2.1611

An Early Career Perspective on the Value of Interdisciplinary Training Networks
type: item
description: As a global society, we face various challenges that threaten economic, social, and ecological stability and security. Tackling complex global challenges, such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and climate change, requires collaboration and the integration of diverse perspectives from across the full spectrum of disciplinary approaches. This requires an increasing number of effective interdisciplinary researchers. In this reflective article, I present a case study narrative based on my own experience to examine how my interactions with an interdisciplinary training scheme (the Medical Research Foundation’s National PhD Training Programme in Antimicrobial Resistance Research (MRF-PhD-AMR Programme)) helped me develop as an interdisciplinary early career researcher. I describe three key interactions I had with the MRF-PhD-AMR Programme during and after my doctoral studies, and how these interactions offered me different opportunities to develop the capacity to effectively navigate interdisciplinary spaces. My reflections help highlight the importance of supporting doctoral and postdoctoral researchers in engaging in training opportunities that cross disciplinary boundaries, to enable them to become more effective interdisciplinary researchers. Funding Acknowledgment My doctoral research exploring antimicrobial usage in UK livestock farming was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council [grant number ES/J500148/1]. My attendance at MRF-PhD-AMR Programme events was funded by the Medical Research Foundation [grant number MRF-145-0004-TPG-AVISO]. At the time of writing, I am employed as a Knowledge Exchange Fellow on the ACCESS (Advancing Capacity for Climate and Environment Social Science) project, which is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council [grant number ES/W00805X/1]. Exchanges Discourse Podcast Becoming an Inspired Interdisciplinarian: Sarah Golding discusses invaluable developmental experiences [39:40]
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: super-wicked problems
  topic: keywords
subject: interdisciplinarity
  topic: keywords
subject: transdisciplinarity
  topic: keywords
subject: researcher development
  topic: keywords
subject: antibiotic resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: one health
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarah Elizabeth Golding
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Sarah Elizabeth Golding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
starting page: 73
ending page: 90
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i1.1595

The Modern Records Centre
type: item
description: The Modern Records Centre (MRC) is the leading archive in the United Kingdom for collections of national-level trades union and employers’ organisation records. It holds the historic records of the University of Warwick and is an important archive for such diverse topics as fringe politics, pressure groups, and cycling, amongst others. The MRC is a key teaching resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students across Warwick’s Arts and Social Science faculties and contributes to public engagement and outreach through events for local community groups and schools. In 2023, the MRC celebrated its 50th anniversary with a series of events, culminating in a symposium at the University of Warwick. This paper provides historical background about the MRC's foundation and development, situating it within the wider research climate of the 1970s. It then introduces the contributions to this collecting of proceedings from the anniversary symposium. Exchanges Discourse Podcast Reflecting on the Modern Record Centre’s First Half Century: In Conversation with Pierre Botcherby & Rachel MacGregor [34:36]
subject: Introduction
  topic: section
subject: Modern Records Centre
  topic: keywords
subject: archives
  topic: keywords
subject: trade unions
  topic: keywords
subject: industrial relations
  topic: keywords
subject: working class
  topic: keywords
subject: history from below
  topic: keywords
subject: University of Warwick
  topic: keywords
creator: Pierre Botcherby
creator: Rachel MacGregor
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Pierre Botcherby, Rachel MacGregor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-25
publication date: 2024-09-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 13
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v11i4.1741

Nostalgia Ain’t What it Used to Be
type: item
description: In this introductory editorial, the Chief Editor reflects back on the historical parallels of publication and monastic orders, alongside considering the impact the Modern Records Centre (MRC) has made on their own career. It notably includes an overview of all the articles and authors appearing in this celebratory volume, along with news about future issues and author contribution opportunities too. Finally, it closes with a guide to the various ways readers and contributors can interact with Exchanges and its editorial team, along with acknowledging thanks to all the people who helped bring about this special issue.
subject: Introduction
  topic: section
subject: MRC
  topic: keywords
subject: Modern Records Centre
  topic: keywords
subject: Guisborough
  topic: keywords
subject: special issue production
  topic: keywords
subject: historical antecedents
  topic: keywords
creator: Gareth J Johnson
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Gareth J Johnson http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-25
publication date: 2024-09-25
starting page: i
ending page: xiv
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v11i4.1722

Opening up Responsible Research and Innovation
type: item
description: Responsible research and innovation (RRI) is increasingly being implemented by researchers, and in the UK, its use is encouraged by funders such as UK Research and Innovation (UKRI). The aim of RRI is to ensure that research and its impacts are opened up to broader deliberation, engagement and debate in an inclusive manner, and to enable the complexities and uncertainties of research to be revealed through involvement with those impacted by the research. Taken at face value, RRI appears to challenge the status quo of decisions around scientific and technological developments being left to those with scientific expertise. However, existing RRI frameworks are anthropocentric, and exclude the more-than-human world (animals, plants, soil, water, land etc.,). To address these issues a project was undertaken which aimed to design, co-produce and provide a conceptual framework for including the more-than-human world within responsible research and innovation. Part of the project included a one-day in-person workshop with diverse knowledge-holders to ensure different knowledges and perspectives were feeding into the project. The focus of this article is not on the workshop itself, but what arose from it. Following the workshop, one of the knowledge-holders produced a written piece about game theory and its potential role in RRI. This written piece is presented here and its importance and relevance to RRI is reflected upon. We explain why this written piece about game theory matters to RRI. We conclude by offering recommendations to researchers. Funding Acknowledgement This work was supported by Advancing Capacity for Climate and Environment Social Science (ACCESS) Flex Fund under Grant 119281R. Thank you to all the knowledge-holders that participated in the one-day in-person workshop. Your insights were invaluable. At Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal, we would like to thank Jacob Thomas for the very helpful feedback, and Dr Gareth J Johnson for his support …
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: responsible research and innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: RRI
  topic: keywords
subject: more-than-human
  topic: keywords
subject: game theory
  topic: keywords
subject: politics
  topic: keywords
subject: frameworks
  topic: keywords
subject: knowledge-holders
  topic: keywords
creator: Catherine Price
creator: Min Burdett
creator: Tom Bott
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Catherine Price, Min Burdett, Tom Bott http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
starting page: 91
ending page: 101
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i1.1720

A Reconsideration of Imaginative Points of Resistance
type: item
description: In this short piece, I want to explore the idea that limits of imagination, that I refer to here as to ‘points of resistance’, can play an essential role in certain imaginative tasks. To show how points of resistance can be carriers of crucial information, I focus here on the analysis of 9/11. Leaving aside personal and political implications, I investigate the possible plausibility of some statements of the US Secretary of the Defense at the time of the attacks, attributing the cause of 9/11 to imagination. I propose that, despite being dismissed as an outrageous analysis of responsibilities involved in the success of the terroristic attacks, there could be a role that a failure of imagination might have played.
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: imagination
  topic: keywords
subject: resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: constrains
  topic: keywords
subject: surprise attacks
  topic: keywords
subject: security
  topic: keywords
subject: epistemology
  topic: keywords
creator: Giulia Lorenzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Giulia Lorenzi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
starting page: 113
ending page: 121
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i1.1704

Max Horkheimer on Law's Force of Resistance
type: item
description: The law maintains, rather than challenges, the powers that be – or so it is commonly thought. In ‘Rackets and Spirit,’ a little known and untranslated essay, Max Horkheimer complicates this notion by attributing to law a ‘force of resistance’. He contends that, under certain conditions, the legal process develops a logic of its own, one that can become disjointed from the rationale of power. In this Critical Reflection, I look closely at the paragraph in which Horkheimer introduces the notion of a ‘force of resistance’. I argue that Horkheimer develops a theme that he and Theodor W. Adorno return to in the Dialectic of Enlightenment: the spiritual instruments of domination, among them law, have the potential to turn against domination. At the same time, Horkheimer is clear that law does not resist automatically: it takes human agents to put the legal sphere into opposition to the political sphere. I illustrate this thought with respect to the recent history of federal abortion rights in the United States.
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: Max Horkheimer
  topic: keywords
subject: Frankfurt School
  topic: keywords
subject: Dialectic of Enlightenment
  topic: keywords
subject: critical legal theory
  topic: keywords
subject: resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: abortion rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Simon Gansinger
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Simon Gansinger http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
starting page: 102
ending page: 112
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i1.1696

Once a Nurse, Always a Nurse?
type: item
description: Stereotypes of what defines a nurse act to limit nursing identity and provide a barrier to both career progression into academia and nurse retention in clinical practice. In this critical reflection, I explore how opportunities in clinical practice allowed me to develop my own identity as a nurse academic whilst acknowledging that these opportunities are not available to all potential nurse academics. I question whether 'a nurse will always be a nurse' if we do not provide the opportunities, and the time, for nurses to explore the vast range of roles within the profession. Research is being conducted on a daily basis in clinical practice, however nurses need to be supported by their workplaces to gain the skills and knowledge on how to become productive scholars. Supporting nurses to take this step will level the gradient between nursing and academia, and open the door for the future of successful nurse academia.
subject: Critical Reflections
  topic: section
subject: nurse stereotypes
  topic: keywords
subject: identity
  topic: keywords
subject: career progression
  topic: keywords
subject: return to education
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical practice
  topic: keywords
subject: opportunity
  topic: keywords
creator: Kate Montague-Hellen
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Kate Montague-Hellen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
starting page: 60
ending page: 66
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v12i1.1669

Research Culture Readiness
type: item
description: This editorial provides an overview of the special issue’s contents, along with the editor’s insights into the progress towards the special issue. It celebrates the contributions by the associate editor team, as well as highlighting current calls for papers the journal has in place. Finally, it also highlights the various opportunities to engage, debate and discuss matters with Exchanges editorial team in the social sphere.
subject: Introduction
  topic: section
subject: research culture
  topic: keywords
subject: special issue production
  topic: keywords
subject: editorial
  topic: keywords
subject: publishing
  topic: keywords
subject: calls for papers
  topic: keywords
creator: Gareth J Johnson
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Gareth J Johnson http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-08-08
publication date: 2024-08-08
starting page: i
ending page: xvi
doi: 10.31273/eirj.v11i3.1640